Glasgow has more early deaths than equally deprived Liverpool or Manchester

Researchers found Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester had almost identical levels of deprivation, yet premature deaths in Glasgow were over 30% higher. A 2016 Glasgow Centre for Population Health report pointed to history and policy: overcrowding, and post-war planning that moved younger, skilled workers to new towns, leaving the city more vulnerable. The unexplained gap is known as the 'Glasgow effect'.

— David Walsh and colleagues, Glasgow Centre for Population Health, History, politics and vulnerability: explaining excess mortality in Scotland and Glasgow — 2016